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Glass harmonica

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Armonica" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Harmonica" title="Harmonica">Harmonica</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the related instrument, see <a href="Glass_harp" title="Glass harp">Glass harp</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Glass_harmonica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Glass harmonica (disambiguation)">Glass harmonica (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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The glass harmonica, also known as the glass armonica, glass harmonium, bowl organ, hydrocrystalophone, or simply the armonica or harmonica is a type of <a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> that uses a series of <a href="Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> <a href="Bowl_(vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowl (vessel)">bowls</a> or goblets graduated in size to produce musical <a href="Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">tones</a> by means of <a href="Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> (instruments of this type are known as <a href="Friction_idiophone" title="Friction idiophone">friction idiophones</a>). It was invented in 1761 by <a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and produces sound similar to the Glockenspiel.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div>

The name "glass harmonica" (also "glass armonica", "glassharmonica"; harmonica de verre, harmonica de Franklin, armonica de verre, or just harmonica in French; Glasharmonika in German; harmonica in Dutch) refers today to any instrument played by rubbing glass or crystal goblets or bowls. "Harmonica" is derived from ἁρμονία, harmonia, the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for harmony.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The alternative instrument consisting of a set of wine glasses (usually tuned with water) is generally known in English as "musical glasses" or the "<a href="Glass_harp" title="Glass harp">glass harp</a>".

When <a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> invented his mechanical version of the instrument in 1761, he called it the armonica, based on the Italian word armonia, which means "harmony".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

The unrelated free-reed wind instrument aeolina, today called the "<a href="Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>", was not invented until 1821, sixty years later.

The word "hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica" is also recorded, composed of <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek roots</a> to mean something like "harmonica to produce music for the soul by fingers dipped in water" (hydro- for "water", daktul- for "finger", psych- for "soul").<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="Oxford_Companion_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Music">Oxford Companion to Music</a> mentions that this word is "the longest section of the Greek language ever attached to any musical instrument, for a reader of <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> wrote to that paper in 1932 to say that in his youth he heard a performance of the instrument where it was called a hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The <a href="Museum_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Music">Museum of Music</a> in Paris displays a hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forerunners">Forerunners</h2></div>

Because its sounding portion is made of glass, the glass harmonica is a type of <a href="Crystallophone" title="Crystallophone">crystallophone</a>. The phenomenon of rubbing a wet finger around the rim of a wine goblet to produce tones is documented back to <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> times; <a href="Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> considered the phenomenon (in his Two New Sciences), as did <a href="Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>.

The Irish musician <a href="Richard_Pockrich_(inventor)" title="Richard Pockrich (inventor)">Richard Pockrich</a> is typically credited as the first to play an instrument composed of glass vessels (glass harp) by rubbing his fingers around the rims.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch-8">[8]</a> Beginning in the 1740s, he performed in London on a set of upright goblets filled with varying amounts of water. His career was cut short by a fire in his room, which killed him and destroyed his apparatus.

<a href="Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a>, a friend of Benjamin Franklin and a fellow of the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, extended the experiments of Pockrich, contriving a set of glasses better tuned and easier to play.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-9">[9]</a> During the same decade, <a href="Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> also attracted attention playing a similar instrument in England. In April 1760, the poet <a href="Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Thomas Gray</a> wrote to <a href="James_Brown_(academic)" title="James Brown (academic)">James Brown</a>, Master of <a href="Pembroke_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge</a>, of a performance by Delaval that: "No instrument I know has so celestial a tone. It was like a cherubim in a box."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Franklin's_armonica">Franklin's armonica</h2></div>

<a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> invented a radically new arrangement of the glasses in 1761 after seeing water-filled wine glasses played by Edward Delaval at <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> in England in May 1761.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Franklin worked with London glassblower Charles James to build one, and it had its world premiere in early 1762, played by <a href="Marianne_Davies" title="Marianne Davies">Marianne Davies</a>.

In a letter addressed to his friend <a href="Giambattista_Beccaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista Beccaria">Giambattista Beccaria</a>, an Italian priest, physicist and mathematician in Turin, Franklin wrote from London in 1762 about his musical instrument:

"The advantages of this instrument are, that its tones are incomparably sweet beyond those of any other; that they may be swelled and softened at pleasure by stronger or weaker pressures of the finger, and continued to any length; and that the instrument, being well tuned, never again wants tuning. In honour of your musical language, I have borrowed from it the name of this instrument, calling it the Armonica."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

In Franklin's treadle-operated version, 37 bowls were mounted horizontally on an iron spindle. The whole spindle turned by means of a foot pedal. The sound was produced by touching the rims of the bowls with water-moistened fingers. Rims were painted different colors according to the pitch of the note: A (dark blue), B (purple), C (red), D (orange), E (yellow), F (green), G (blue), and <a href="Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</a> were marked in white.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> With the Franklin design, it is possible to play ten glasses simultaneously if desired, a technique that is very difficult if not impossible to execute using upright goblets. Franklin also advocated the use of a small amount of powdered chalk on the fingers, which under some acidic water conditions helped produce a clear tone.

Some attempted improvements on the armonica included adding keyboards,<a href="#cite_note-Biggs-14">[14]</a> placing pads between the bowls to reduce <a href="Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">sympathetic vibrations</a>, and using <a href="Violin_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Violin bow">violin bows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biggs-14">[14]</a> Another supposed improvement, based upon later observations of non-playing instruments, was to have the glasses rotate into a trough of water. However, William Zeitler put this idea to the test by rotating an armonica cup into a basin of water; the water has the same effect as putting water in a wine glass – it changes the pitch. With several dozen glasses, each a different diameter and thus rotating with a different depth, the result would be musical cacophony. This modification also made it much harder to make the glass "speak", and muffled the sound.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

In 1975, an original armonica was acquired by the <a href="Bakken_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken Museum">Bakken Museum</a> in <a href="Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> and put on display, albeit without its original glass bowls (they were destroyed during shipment).<a href="#cite_note-Bakken-16">[16]</a> It was purchased through a musical instrument dealer in France, from the descendants of Mme. Brillon de Jouy, a neighbor of Benjamin Franklin's from 1777 to 1785, when he lived in the Paris suburb of <a href="Passy" title="Passy">Passy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken-16">[16]</a> Some 18th- and 19th-century specimens of the armonica have survived into the 21st century. <a href="Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a> also played the armonica and used it as an integral part of his <a href="Mesmerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesmerism">Mesmerism</a>.

An original Franklin armonica is in the archives at the <a href="Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, having been donated in 1956 by Franklin's descendants after "the children took great delight in breaking the bowls with spoons" during family gatherings. It is only placed on display for special occasions, such as Franklin's birthday. The Franklin Institute is also the home of the <a href="Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

A website has attempted to catalog publicly known Franklin-era glass armonicas.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitler-18">[18]</a> The <a href="Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a> has an early 19th-century instrument on display, which is occasionally used for public performances and recordings.<a href="#cite_note-MFA-Cat-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goyette-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_works">Musical works</h2></div>

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Composers including <a href="Johann_Gottlieb_Naumann" title="Johann Gottlieb Naumann">J. G. Naumann</a>, <a href="Giovanni_Battista_Martini" title="Giovanni Battista Martini">Padre Martini</a>, <a href="Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a>, <a href="Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Baldassare Galuppi</a>, and <a href="Niccol%C3%B2_Jommelli" title="Niccolò Jommelli">Niccolò Jommelli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-21">[21]</a> and more than 100 others composed works for the glass harmonica; some pieces survive in the repertoire through transcriptions for more conventional instruments. European monarchs indulged in playing it, and even <a href="Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> took lessons as a child from <a href="Franz_Anton_Mesmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Anton Mesmer">Franz Anton Mesmer</a>.

<a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> wrote his 1791 <a href="Adagio_and_Rondo_for_glass_harmonica%2C_flute%2C_oboe%2C_viola_and_cello" title="Adagio and Rondo for glass harmonica, flute, oboe, viola and cello">K. 617</a> and K.356 (K.617a) for the glass harmonica.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-21">[21]</a> <a href="Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> used the instrument in his 1814 melodrama <a href="Eleonore_Prochaska" title="Eleonore Prochaska">Leonore Prohaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-21">[21]</a> <a href="Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> used the instrument in the accompaniment to Amelia's aria "Par che mi dica ancora" in <a href="Il_castello_di_Kenilworth" title="Il castello di Kenilworth">Il castello di Kenilworth</a>, premiered in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne1994-22">[22]</a> He also originally specified the instrument in <a href="Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a> (1835) as a haunting accompaniment to the heroine's "mad scene", though before the premiere he was required by the producers to rewrite the part for two flutes.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> used this instrument in his 1886 <a href="The_Carnival_of_the_Animals" title="The Carnival of the Animals">The Carnival of the Animals</a> (in movements 7 and 14).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> used the instrument in his 1917 <a href="Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten" title="Die Frau ohne Schatten">Die Frau ohne Schatten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-21">[21]</a>

For a while the instrument was "extraordinarily popular," its "'ethereal" qualities characteristic, along with instruments such as the <a href="Nail_violin" title="Nail violin">nail violin</a> and <a href="Aeolian_harp" title="Aeolian harp">Aeolian harp</a>, of <a href="Sensitive_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive style">Empfindsamkeit</a>, but "the instrument fell into oblivion," around 1830.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-21">[21]</a> Since the armonica's performance revival during the 1980s, composers have again written for it (solo, chamber music, opera, electronic music, popular music) including <a href="Jan_Erik_Mikalsen" title="Jan Erik Mikalsen">Jan Erik Mikalsen</a>, <a href="Regis_Campo" class="mw-redirect" title="Regis Campo">Regis Campo</a>, Etienne Rolin, <a href="Philippe_Sarde" title="Philippe Sarde">Philippe Sarde</a>, <a href="Damon_Albarn" title="Damon Albarn">Damon Albarn</a>, <a href="Tom_Waits" title="Tom Waits">Tom Waits</a>, Michel Redolfi, Cyril Morin, <a href="Stefano_Giannotti" title="Stefano Giannotti">Stefano Giannotti</a>, <a href="Thomas_Bloch" title="Thomas Bloch">Thomas Bloch</a>, <a href="J%C3%B6rg_Widmann" title="Jörg Widmann">Jörg Widmann</a> (Armonica 2006),<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and <a href="Guillaume_Connesson" title="Guillaume Connesson">Guillaume Connesson</a>.

The music for the 1997 ballet <a href="Othello_(ballet)" title="Othello (ballet)">Othello</a> by American composer <a href="Elliot_Goldenthal" title="Elliot Goldenthal">Elliot Goldenthal</a> opens and closes with the glass harmonica. The ballet was performed at San Francisco Ballet, the American Ballet Theatre, the Joffrey Ballet, and on tour in Europe including at the Opera Garnier with Dennis James performing with his historical replica instrument.

<a href="Joseph_Schwantner" title="Joseph Schwantner">Joseph Schwantner</a>'s symphonic poem <a href="Aftertones_of_Infinity" title="Aftertones of Infinity">Aftertones of Infinity</a>, which was awarded the 1979 <a href="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music" title="Pulitzer Prize for Music">Pulitzer Prize for Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> employed individual wine glasses played by numerous members of the orchestra at key points during the work.

<a href="George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>'s opera <a href="Written_on_Skin" title="Written on Skin">Written on Skin</a>, which premiered at the 2012 Aix-en-Provence Festival, includes a prominent and elaborate part for the glass harmonica.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-musical_cultural_works">Non-musical cultural works</h2></div>

<a href="Johann_August_Apel" title="Johann August Apel">Johann August Apel</a>'s short story "Der Geisterruf" ('The Ghost Call') from <a href="Gespensterbuch" title="Gespensterbuch">Gespensterbuch</a> (volume 3, 1811) centers on the ethereal otherworldly quality of glass harmonicas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<a href="Andrei_Khrzhanovsky" title="Andrei Khrzhanovsky">Andrei Khrzhanovsky</a>'s 1968 animated short film <a href="The_Glass_Harmonica_(film)" title="The Glass Harmonica (film)">The Glass Harmonica</a> (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Стеклянная гармоника) is named after, and features, a "glass harmonica". It is particularly notable for being the only Soviet animated film to be banned by censors.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purported_dangers">Purported dangers</h2></div>

The instrument's popularity did not last far beyond the 18th century. This may have been due to the inability to amplify the volume so as not to be drowned out by other instruments.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Some claim this was due to strange rumors that using the instrument caused both musicians and their listeners to go mad. It is a matter of conjecture how pervasive that belief was; all the commonly cited examples of this rumor seem to be <a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a>, if not confined to <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. One example of alleged effects from playing the glass harmonica was noted by German <a href="Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a> <a href="Johann_Friedrich_Rochlitz" title="Johann Friedrich Rochlitz">Johann Friedrich Rochlitz</a> in the <a href="Allgemeine_musikalische_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung">Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung</a>:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[The harmonica] excessively stimulates the nerves, plunges the player into a nagging depression and hence into a dark and melancholy mood, that is an apt method for slow self-annihilation. ...

<ol><li>If you are suffering from any nervous disorder you should not play it.</li>

<li>If you are not yet ill you should not play it excessively.</li>

<li>If you are feeling melancholy you should not play it or else play uplifting pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Cope2004-32">[32]</a></li></ol></blockquote>

<a href="Marianne_Davies" title="Marianne Davies">Marianne Davies</a>, who played flute and harpsichord – and was a young woman said to be related to Franklin – became proficient enough at playing the armonica to offer public performances. After touring for many years in duo performances with her celebrated vocalist sister, she was also said to have been afflicted with a <a href="Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a> attributed to the plaintive tones of the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-9">[9]</a> <a href="Marianne_Kirchgessner" title="Marianne Kirchgessner">Marianne Kirchgessner</a> was an armonica player; she died at the age of 39 of pneumonia or an illness much like it.<a href="#cite_note-bossler-33">[33]</a> However many others, including Franklin, lived long lives.

For a time the armonica achieved a genuine vogue, but like most fads, that for the armonica eventually passed. It has been claimed the sound-producing mechanism did not generate sufficient power to fill the large halls that were becoming home to modern stringed instruments, brass, woodwinds, and percussion. That the instrument was made with glass, and subject to easy breakage, perhaps did not help either.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-9">[9]</a> By 1820, the armonica had mostly disappeared from frequent public performance, perhaps because musical fashions were changing.

A modern version of the "purported dangers" claims that players suffered <a href="Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> because armonicas were made of <a href="Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">lead glass</a>. However, there is no known scientific basis for the theory that merely touching lead glass can cause lead poisoning. Lead poisoning was common in the 18th and early 19th centuries for both armonica players and non-players alike; doctors prescribed lead compounds for a long list of ailments, and lead or lead oxide was used as a food preservative and in cookware and eating utensils. Trace amounts of lead that armonica players in Franklin's day received from their instruments would likely have been dwarfed by lead from other sources, such as the lead-content paint used to mark visual identification of the bowls to the players.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

Historical replicas by Eisch use so-called "White Crystal" developed in the 18th c. replacing the lead with a higher potash content; many modern newly invented devices, such as those made by Finkenbeiner, are made from so-called Quartz "pure <a href="Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> glass" – a glass formulation developed in the early 20th c. for scientific purposes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_of_the_sound">Perception of the sound</h2></div>

The disorienting quality of the ethereal sound is due in part to the way that humans perceive and locate ranges of sounds. Above 4 <a href="KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> people primarily use the loudness of the sound to differentiate between left and right ears and thus <a href="Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">triangulate</a>, or locate the source. Below 1 kHz, they use the <a href="Phase_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase difference">phase differences</a> of sound waves arriving at their left and right ears to identify location. The predominant pitch of the armonica is in the range of 1–4 kHz, which coincides with the sound range where the brain is "not quite sure", and thus listeners have difficulty locating it in space (where it comes from), and discerning the source of the sound (the materials and techniques used to produce it).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

Benjamin Franklin himself described the harmonica's tones as "incomparably sweet". The full quotation, written in a letter to <a href="Giambattista_Beccaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista Beccaria">Giambattista Beccaria</a>, is: "The advantages of this instrument are that its tones are incomparably sweet beyond those of any other; that they may be swelled and softened at pleasure by stronger or weaker pressures of the finger, and continued to any length; and that the instrument, once well tuned, never again wants tuning."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-9">[9]</a>

A music critic for <a href="The_Morning_Chronicle" title="The Morning Chronicle">The Morning Chronicle</a>, writing of a performance by Kirchgessner in 1794, said, "Her taste is chastened and the dulcet notes of the instrument would be delightful indeed, were they more powerful and articulate; but that we believe the most perfect execution cannot make them. In a smaller room and an audience less numerous, the effect must be enchanting. Though the accompaniments were kept very much under, they were still occasionally too loud."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_revival">Modern revival</h2></div>

Music for glass harmonica was rare from 1820 until the 1930s (although <a href="Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> intended for the <a href="Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> "<a href="Il_dolce_suono" title="Il dolce suono">Il dolce suono</a>" from his 1835 opera Lucia di Lammermoor to be accompanied by a glass harmonica, and Richard Strauss specified use of the instrument in his 1919 opera Die Frau ohne Schatten), when German virtuoso <a href="Bruno_Hoffmann" title="Bruno Hoffmann">Bruno Hoffmann</a> began revitalizing interest in his individual goblet instrument version that he named the glass harp for his stunning performances. Playing his "glass harp" (with Eisch manufactured custom designed glasses mounted in a case designed with underlying resonance chamber) he transcribed or rearranged much of the literature written for the mechanized instrument, and commissioned contemporary composers to write new pieces for his goblet version.

Franklin's glass harmonica design was reworked yet again without patent credit by master glassblower and musician, Gerhard B. Finkenbeiner (1930–1999) in 1984. After thirty years of experimentation, Finkenbeiner's imitative prototype consisted of clear glasses and glasses later equipped with gold bands mimicking late 18th-century designs. The historical instruments with gold bands indicated the equivalent of the black keys on the piano, simplifying the multi-hued painted bowl rims with white accidentals as specified by Franklin. Finkenbeiner Inc., of <a href="Waltham%2C_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a>, <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, continues to produce versions of these instruments commercially as of 2014, featuring glass elements made of scientific formulated fused-silica <a href="Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-GFI-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wald-40">[40]</a>

From 1989 on to now, Sascha Reckert, a German glass instrumentalist and glass instrument producer, restored and reproduced glass armonicas from the original using crystal glass with full bass range, required for the original compositions. He did the first performance with glass armonica of Lucia die Lammermoor (Munich state opera) and Frau ohne Schatten in a full scene production, and invented the Verrophon with glass tubes, with a more powerful sound. Reckert also produced the harmonicas of Dennis James, the Wiener Glasharmonikaduo, Martin Hilmer and others.

<a href="French_people" title="French people">French</a> instrument makers and artists <a href="Baschet_Brothers" title="Baschet Brothers">Bernard and François Baschet</a> invented a modern variation of the Chladni Euphone in 1952, the "crystal organ" or <a href="Cristal_baschet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristal baschet">Cristal di Baschet</a>, which consists of up to 52 chromatically tuned resonating metal rods that are set into motion by attached glass rods that are rubbed with wet fingers. The Cristal di Baschet differs mainly from the other glass instruments in that the identical length and thickness glass rods are set horizontally, and attach to the tuned metal stems that have added metal blocks for increasing resonance. The result is a fully acoustic instrument, and impressive amplification obtained using fiberglass or metal cones fixed on wood and by a tall cut-out multi-resonant metal part in the shape of a flame. Some thin added metallic wires resembling cat whiskers are placed under the instrument, supposedly to increase the sound power of high-pitched frequencies.

<a href="Dennis_James_(musician)" title="Dennis James (musician)">Dennis James</a> recorded an album of all glass music, Cristal: Glass Music Through the Ages co-produced by <a href="Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a> and Grammy Award-winning producer <a href="John_Boylan_(record_producer)" title="John Boylan (record producer)">John Boylan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PCOLCrystal-41">[41]</a> James plays the glass harmonica, the Cristal di Baschet, and the <a href="Glass_harp" title="Glass harp">Seraphim</a> on the CD in original historical compositions and new arrangements for glass by <a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Scarlatti</a>, Schnaubelt, and <a href="Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCrystal-41">[41]</a> and collaborates on the recording with the <a href="Emerson_String_Quartet" title="Emerson String Quartet">Emerson String Quartet</a>, operatic soprano <a href="Ruth_Ann_Swenson" title="Ruth Ann Swenson">Ruth Ann Swenson</a>, and Ronstadt.<a href="#cite_note-PCOLCrystal-41">[41]</a> James played glass instruments on Marco Beltrami's film scores for <a href="The_Minus_Man" title="The Minus Man">The Minus Man</a> (1999) and <a href="The_Faculty" title="The Faculty">The Faculty</a> (1998).<a href="#cite_note-PCOLRonstadt-42">[42]</a> "I first became aware of glass instruments at about the age of 6 while visiting the <a href="Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. I can still recall being mesmerized by the appearance of the original <a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> harmonica then on display in its own showcase in the entry rotunda of the city's famed science museum."<a href="#cite_note-PCOLRonstadt-42">[42]</a> When Ronstadt joined <a href="Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a> and <a href="Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> to make the 1999 album <a href="Trio_II" title="Trio II">Trio II</a>, Dennis James played the glass harmonica in their cover of "<a href="After_the_Gold_Rush_(song)" title="After the Gold Rush (song)">After the Gold Rush</a>".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

<a href="James_Horner" title="James Horner">James Horner</a> used a glass harmonica and <a href="Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">pan flute</a> for Spock's theme in the 1982 film <a href="Star_Trek_II%3A_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan">Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On February 23, 2007, the armonica was used by nu-metal band Korn while filming their session with MTV Unplugged. It was stated that it was of Benjamin Franklin's design.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_players">Notable players</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li>

<li><a href="Marianne_Davies" title="Marianne Davies">Marianne Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Marianne_Kirchgessner" title="Marianne Kirchgessner">Marianne Kirchgessner</a></li>

<li>Christa Schönfeldinger</li>

<li>Mrs. Philip Thicknesse (born <a href="Anne_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Ford">Anne Ford</a>), 1775, United Kingdom)</li>

<li>Wiener Glasharmonika Duo</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> (Iceland)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Bloch" title="Thomas Bloch">Thomas Bloch</a> (France)</li>

<li>Cecilia Brauer (USA)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li>

<li><a href="Nils_Frahm" title="Nils Frahm">Nils Frahm</a> (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li>

<li>Bill Hayes (New York City) Broadway Musician and Percussionist, Barbra Streisand Orchestra 1994, 2006, 2007<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li>

<li>Martin Hilmer<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Hoffmann" title="Bruno Hoffmann">Bruno Hoffmann</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="Dennis_James_(musician)" title="Dennis James (musician)">Dennis James</a> (USA)</li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Heinrich_Kern" title="Friedrich Heinrich Kern">Friedrich Heinrich Kern</a> (United States/Germany)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li>

<li>Alasdair Malloy (United Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li>

<li>David Mauldin (USA) <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li>

<li><a href="Gloria_Parker" title="Gloria Parker">Gloria Parker</a> (USA) glass harp</li>

<li>Gerald Schönfeldinger (Austria)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li>

<li><a href="Dean_Shostak" title="Dean Shostak">Dean Shostak</a> (USA)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li>

<li>Ed Stander (USA)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li>

<li>William Zeitler (United States)</li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Cristal_baschet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristal baschet">Cristal baschet</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmonica#Diatonic" title="Harmonica">Glass diatonic harmonica</a>, a diatonic harmonica constructed from glass</li>

<li><a href="Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism" title="Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism">Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism</a> – 1784 French scientific bodies' investigations involving systematic controlled trials</li>

<li><a href="Sensitive_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive style">Sensitive style</a></li>

<li><a href="Singing_bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Singing bowl">Singing bowl</a></li>

<li><a href="Verrophone" title="Verrophone">Verrophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterphone" title="Waterphone">Waterphone</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/harmonica">"harmonica"</a>. <a href="Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite> <cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/harmonic">"harmonic"</a>. <a href="Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a(rmoni/a">ἁρμονία</a>. <a href="Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Sibyl Marcuse, "Armonica", Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary, corrected edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, inc., 1975).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFranklin1762" class="citation cs2">Franklin, Benjamin (Jul 13, 1762), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glassarmonica.com/armonica/franklin_correspondence/1.html">How Franklin Invented the Armonica and How to Build One</a>, retrieved Nov 5, 2015</cite>

Letter written by Franklin in 1762

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Ian Crofton (2006) "Brewer's Cabinet of Curiosities," <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-304-36801-6</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> As quoted from the 1970 edition of the Companion by a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/musicalglasses/mgvarious.php">Glasssharmonica.com webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119055214/http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/musicalglasses/mgvarious.php">Archived</a> 2008-01-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111123218/http://tf1.lci.fr/infos/france/2003/0,,1030459,00-musees-fetent-printemps-.html">"Culture - Les musées fêtent le printemps"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tf1.lci.fr/infos/france/2003/0,,1030459,00-musees-fetent-printemps-.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2018-12-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bloch-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBloch2009" class="citation web cs1">Bloch, Thomas (2009-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finkenbeiner.com/gh.html">"GFI Scientific glass blowing products and services: THE GLASSHARMONICA"</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2000-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_9-3">d</a> Brands, H. W. (2000) "The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin" First Anchor Books Edition, March 2002 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-385-49540-4</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTovey1904" class="citation book cs1">Tovey, Duncan C., ed. (1904). <a class="external text external" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/The_letters_of_Thomas_Gray%2C_including_the_correspondence_of_Gray_and_Mason_%28IA_lettersofthomasg02gray%29.pdf">The Letters of Thomas Gray</a> (PDF). Vol. II. London: <a href="George_Bell_%26_Sons" title="George Bell & Sons">George Bell & Sons</a>. p. 131 – via <a href="Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/musicfeature/pip/k8ko2/">"Downloadable Broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Adam Hart Davis on the Angelic Organ of Evil"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 2018-11-20.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/BenjaminFranklinGlassArmonica.htm">"Benjamin Franklin and his Glass Armonica"</a>. www.americanmusicpreservation.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFranklin" class="citation web cs1">Franklin, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206142907/http://www.historycarper.com/resources/twobf3/letter3.htm">"The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Volume III: London, 1757 - 1775 -- Faults in Songs"</a>. www.historycarper.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycarper.com/resources/twobf3/letter3.htm">the original</a> on December 6, 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Biggs-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFZeitler2009" class="citation web cs1">Zeitler, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glassarmonica.com/armonica/e_power_biggs.php">"E. Power Biggs Attempts a Keyboard Armonica"</a>. glassarmonica.com. Retrieved 2016-06-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZeitler2009" class="citation web cs1">Zeitler, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glassarmonica.com/armonica/water_trough.php">"Water Trough"</a>. glassarmonica.com. Retrieved 2016-06-05.</cite> (Includes a video demonstration.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bakken-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFThe_Bakken" class="citation web cs1">The Bakken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405115543/http://www.thebakken.org/exhibits/mesmer/glass-armonica.htm">"Glass Armonica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebakken.org/exhibits/mesmer/glass-armonica.htm">the original</a> on April 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-22.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824052509/http://www2.fi.edu/exhibits/permanent/electricity.php">"The Franklin Institute – Exhibit – Franklin... He's Electric"</a>. fi.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fi.edu/exhibits/permanent/electricity.php">the original</a> on 2013-08-24. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Zeitler-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Zeitler_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZeitler" class="citation web cs1">Zeitler, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/census.php">"Census"</a>. The Glass Armonica. William Zeitler. Retrieved 2014-07-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MFA-Cat-19"><a href="#cite_ref-MFA-Cat_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/musical-glasses-armonica-50595">"Musical glasses (armonica)"</a>. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Retrieved 2014-07-03.</cite>

</li>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/index-biblio.php">"An Extensive Bibliography"</a>. of resources about the armonica. Retrieved January 16, 2007.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210220910/http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/franklin/letters.php">"Franklin, Benjamin"</a>. Franklin correspondence regarding the armonica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/franklin/letters.php">the original</a> on February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210221100/http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/musicalglass/galileo.php">"Galileo, Galilei"</a>. Passage from 'Two New Sciences' by Galileo about the 'wet finger around the wine glass' phenomenon (1638). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/musicalglass/galileo.php">the original</a> on February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2007.</cite></li>

<li>King, A.H., "The Musical Glasses and Glass Harmonica," Royal Musical Association, Proceedings, Vol.72, (1945/1946), pp. 97–122.</li>

<li>Sterki, Peter. Klingende Gläser. Bern. NY 2000. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-906764-60-5</bdi> br.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasharfe.de/glasharfe/texte/history.htm">History of the Glass Harmonica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508023200/http://www.glasharfe.de/glasharfe/texte/history.htm">Archived</a> 2013-05-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<dl><dt>History</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Zeitler, W. The Glass Armonica—the Music and the Madness (2013) A history of glass music from the Kama Sutra to modern times, including the glass harmonica (also known as the glass harmonica), the musical glasses and the glass harp. 342 pages, 45 illustrations, 27 page bibliography. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-940630-00-7</bdi></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Instruction books</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Bartl. About the Keyed Armonica.</li>

<li>Ford, Anne (1761). Instructions for playing on the music glasses (Method). London. <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226082458/http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/musicalglasses/AnneFordInstructions.pdf">"A pdf copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/history/musicalglasses/AnneFordInstructions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 26, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007.</cite></li>

<li>Franklin, J. E. Introduction to the Knowledge of the Seraphim or Musical Glasses.</li>

<li>Hopkinson-Smith, Francis (1825). Tutor for the Grand Harmonicon. Baltimore, Maryland.</li>

<li>Ironmonger, David. Instructions for the Double and Single Harmonicon Glasses.</li>

<li>Muller, Johann Christian (a.k.a. John Christopher Moller). Anleitung zum Selbstunterricht auf der Harmonika.</li>

<li>Roellig, Leopold. Uber die Harmonika / Uber die Orphika.</li>

<li>Smith, James. Tutor for the Musical Glasses.</li>

<li>Wunsch, J. D. Practische – Schule fur die lange Harmonika.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finkenbeiner.com/GLASSHARMONICA.htm">G. Finkenbeiner Inc. site, manufacturer of glass harmonicas</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassharp.eu">G2 Glass Instrument Makers site</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405115543/http://www.thebakken.org/exhibits/mesmer/glass-armonica.htm">Display of glass armonica at The Bakken Library and Museum</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassarmonica.com/armonica/index.php">Articles (with citations) about the armonica</a> by William Zeitler</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/djames.html">Dennis James interview</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/BenjaminFranklinGlassArmonica.htm">Benjamin Franklin and his Glass Armonica</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/glass_harmonica/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=glass*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180013543&vT=1">Historic 18th-century Glass Harmonica</a> at <a href="The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebash.com/articles/what-is-an-armonica">'Cecilia Brauer's bio and tribute, history of the instrument'</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Harmonica">"Harmonica" </a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/turn-it-off-music-to-drive-you-crazy-1.5061043">'Turn it off: Music to drive you crazy'</a> by <a href="CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a> <a href="Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">Ideas (radio show)</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Videos</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXnTdAP8aFQ">Robert Tiso demonstrating how to set up and tune a glass harp</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rmFleYqNxw">J.S. Bach: Toccata D minor played by Glass Duo</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVqqNigImtU">Dennis James plays the Glass Armonica</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Benjamin_Franklin535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Join%2C_or_Die" title="Join, or Die">Join, or Die. (1754 political cartoon)</a></li>

<li><a href="Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>

<ul><li><a href="All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions, other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Franklin's_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Franklin's_armonica">Glass armonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Catheter" title="Catheter">Flexible urninary catheter</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a>

<ul><li><a href="111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li>

<li><a href="Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a>

<ul><li><a href="University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li>

<li><a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li>

<li><a href="Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li>

<li><a href="Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity%2C_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain">A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette">The Pennsylvania Gazette (1729–1790)</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li>

<li><a href="Poor_Richard's_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack">Poor Richard's Almanack (1732–1758)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Drinker's_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li>

<li><a href="Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li>

<li><a href="Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind%2C_Peopling_of_Countries%2C_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.">Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. (1751)</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity">Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth">The Way to Wealth (1758)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle">Pennsylvania Chronicle (1767)</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw external" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One">Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (1773)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy">A Letter to a Royal Academy (1781)</a></li>

<li><a href="Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" title="Noble savage">Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw external" title="s:An Address to the Public">An Address to the Public (1789)</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw external" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks">A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks (1789)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin">The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires">Bagatelles and Satires (pub. 1845)</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin's_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783 painting)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a> (1816 painting)</li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus%2C_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland%2C_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li>

<li><a href="Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a>

<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Tree" title="Franklin Tree">Franklin Tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Declaration_of_Independence_(film)" title="Declaration of Independence (film)">Declaration of Independence</a> (1938 film)</li>

<li><a href="Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me">Ben and Me (1953 short)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris">Ben Franklin in Paris (1964 musical play)</a></li>

<li><a href="1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776 (1969 musical</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)">Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (1989 film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty! (1997 documentary series)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty's_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)">Benjamin Franklin (2002 documentary series)</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams (2008 miniseries)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)">Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)">Benjamin Franklin (2022 documentary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)">Franklin (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></li>

<li><a href="The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum magazine</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr.</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin</a> (brother)</li>

<li><a href="Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom</a> (sister)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger</a> (grandmother)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache</a> (son-in-law)</li>

<li><a href="Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin</a> (sister-in-law)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crystallophone_(glass_instruments)38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crystallophone_(glass_instruments)38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Crystallophone" title="Crystallophone">Crystallophone</a> (glass instruments)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adagio_and_Rondo_for_glass_harmonica%2C_flute%2C_oboe%2C_viola_and_cello" title="Adagio and Rondo for glass harmonica, flute, oboe, viola and cello">Adagio and Rondo</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Hoffmann" title="Bruno Hoffmann">Bruno Hoffmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Cristal_Baschet" title="Cristal Baschet">Cristal Baschet</a></li>

<li><a href="Dean_Shostak" title="Dean Shostak">Dean Shostak</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasschord" title="Glasschord">Glasschord</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_diatonic_harmonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass diatonic harmonica">Glass diatonic harmonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_harp" title="Glass harp">Glass harp</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_marimba" title="Glass marimba">Glass marimba</a></li>

<li><a href="Marianne_Kirchgessner" title="Marianne Kirchgessner">Marianne Kirchgessner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrophone" title="Pyrophone">Pyrophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Terpodion" title="Terpodion">Terpodion</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranat_kaeo" title="Ranat kaeo">Ranat kaeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Pockrich_(inventor)" title="Richard Pockrich (inventor)">Richard Pockrich</a></li>

<li><a href="Verrophone" title="Verrophone">Verrophone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Friction_idiophones43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Friction_idiophones43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Friction_idiophone" title="Friction idiophone">Friction idiophones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sticks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cristal_baschet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristal baschet">Cristal baschet</a></li>

<li><a href="Nail_violin" title="Nail violin">Nail violin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plaques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Individual10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Daxophone" title="Daxophone">Daxophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_saw" title="Musical saw">Musical saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Triolin" title="Triolin">Triolin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rainstick" title="Rainstick">Rainstick</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Glass_harp" title="Glass harp">Glass harp</a></li>

<li><a href="Terpodion" title="Terpodion">Terpodion</a></li>

<li><a href="Verrophone" title="Verrophone">Verrophone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_instruments17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Water_instruments17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Water instruments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calliope_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Jal_tarang" title="Jal tarang">Jal tarang</a></li>

<li>Tide organs

<ul><li><a href="Blackpool_High_Tide_Organ" title="Blackpool High Tide Organ">Blackpool High Tide Organ</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_organ" title="Sea organ">Sea organ</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_Organ" title="Wave Organ">Wave Organ</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Water_drum" title="Water drum">Water drum</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterphone" title="Waterphone">Waterphone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Glass_harmonica&oldid=1301577907">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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